Once the initial end play has been removed (ball contact angle
                  = ao), then further axial load (preload) will cause axial
                  displacement d at ball contact angle a. Formulae to calculate
                  loaded contact angle a, initial (no load) contact angle ao and
                  axial displacement d under a given preload are as follows:

                  In considering general bearing handling, it is important to
                  consider the graph below of displacement vs. preload force.
                  Note that the y-axis displacement is given in microns and the
                  x-axis force is in kilograms. What this means is that a small
                  discplacement of the bearing rings relative to each other will
                  produce a large force. Comparing this graph with the maximum
                  static axial load for a small bearing will show that a
                  displacement of (say) 12.5 microns (.0005") will be sufficient
                  to destroy many small bearings. This is why solid clamping
                  methods of preload do not work except for duplex pair
                  bearings. The typical spread in axial play is 5-10 times the
                  given radial play of a bearing. So that a bearing with 5 - 8
                  microns of radial play will have at least a 15 micron spread
                  in axial play and there will be no single shim thickness that
                  will allow all bearings from a batch to be clamp preloaded
                  without some of them being damaged (brinelled).
                  
 

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